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TCP IP Protocol

TCP/IP is the most popular protocol suite for data network installations that becomes the most widely used network protocol in the world.

In the “Wired” LAN, TCP/IP is the common protocol that is mostly used in network environment either in small, medium or large scale LAN network. Even in a home wireless network using portable wireless router such as Linksys router, TCP/IP protocol is widely used.

TCP/IP is the most popular protocol suite for data network installations that becomes the most widely used network protocol in the world. Its popularity is reasonable with the fact that:

  • It is routable and scalable
  • It is an open standard
  • It is a mature and stable standard
  • Most ongoing research involves technologies using TCP/IP
  • It is the protocol suite used on the internet

When, during network infrastructure planning, you decide to use TCP/IP protocol, you must be aware of the additional effort this decision implies. Network administrators must configure every TCP/IP protocol each of the computer with a unique IP address, as well as with other configuration parameters. Before administrators can do this, however, they must determine what types of IP addresses to use, based on the communication requirements of the network.

  • Each physical network segment requires an address unique to the network
  • Each host on a network requires an address that is unique to the network segment
  • IP addresses are made up of the network ID and the host ID
  • Address class and the subnet mask determine how much of the address makes up each ID

The TCP/IP protocol uses IP addresses to identify the computers on a network. Every packet that a TCP/IP protocol of a computer transmits, contains the IP address of the computer that is the packet’s intended recipient, and routers use that address to forward the packet to the appropriate destination.

TCP/IP Networking in a networking infrastructure has the following core elements:

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The core of TCP/IP protocol services exists in the Internet and transport layer of the OSI model that forms a TCP/IP protocol suite.

  • Different protocols that run together using a common infrastructure
  • IP, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address resolution protocol (ARP)
  • TCP, User datagram protocol (UDP)
  • Application protocols such as:
    • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
    • HTTP, FTP
    • Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH)
    • Server Message Block (SMB)

The TCP/IP protocol suites in relation to the OSI model can be described with the below mapping:

TCP/IP Relations to OSI Model

TCP/IP Relations to OSI Model

TCP/IP Communications

As the information passes down through the TCP/IP stack, each layer adds its own information to the packet.

  • Application data, contains the actual pack of data need to be sent at the application layer.
  • Passing down to the host-to-host layer, where it is going to specify the Port on sending and receiving computers. This information will be tagged on the packet.
  • Then it is passing down to the IP layer where it is going to add a Routable address of sending and receiving computers
  • Then it is passing down to the lower layer, down at the actual network driver itself where Physical address (MAC Address) of the sending and receiving computers are tagged on.

And then the decision is made about the path how the data will get and where the data will be going to where it needs to be. That packet is routed at end to end, it could be from your physical NIC to the default gateway, and from there it is going to the next hop, to next hop, to next hop and at each particular location the decision need to be made and at the final end point:

  • Packet is sent up the TCP/IP stack
  • Information is peeled off and put back on at each layer depending on the sending and receiving computers

This is a basic understanding that will work for communication between two computers or even in a large complicated LAN environment and across WAN between remote sites.

In mostly corporate network infrastructures, TCP/IP protocol is widely used. The management of the information services is a must, with the deployment of network management software for network security and monitoring. For medium business, the deployment of security appliance is also widely used.


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April 16th, 2009 | Tags: , | Category: Systems

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